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Active Record supports multiple database systems. AbstractAdapter and related classes form the abstraction layer which makes this possible. An AbstractAdapter represents a connection to a database, and provides an abstract interface for database-specific functionality such as establishing a connection, escaping values, building the right SQL fragments for :offset and :limit options, etc.

All the concrete database adapters follow the interface laid down in this class. ActiveRecord::Base.connection returns an AbstractAdapter object, which you can use.

Most of the methods in the adapter are useful during migrations. Most notably, the instance methods provided by SchemaStatements are very useful.

Methods
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Included Modules

Constants

ADAPTER_NAME = "Abstract"
 
COMMENT_REGEX = %r{(?:--.*\n)|/\*(?:[^*]|\*[^/])*\*/}
 
EXTENDED_TYPE_MAPS = Concurrent::Map.new
 
SIMPLE_INT = /\A\d+\z/
 
TYPE_MAP = Type::TypeMap.new.tap { |m| initialize_type_map(m) }
 

Attributes

[R] in_use?
[R] lock
[R] logger
[R] owner
[RW] pool
[R] visitor

Class Public methods

database_exists?(config)

Does the database for this adapter exist?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 385
def self.database_exists?(config)
  new(config).database_exists?
end

dbconsole(config, options = {})

Opens a database console session.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 122
def self.dbconsole(config, options = {})
  raise NotImplementedError
end

find_cmd_and_exec(commands, *args)

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 93
def self.find_cmd_and_exec(commands, *args) # :doc:
  commands = Array(commands)

  dirs_on_path = ENV["PATH"].to_s.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
  unless (ext = RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"]).empty?
    commands = commands.map { |cmd| "#{cmd}#{ext}" }
  end

  full_path_command = nil
  found = commands.detect do |cmd|
    dirs_on_path.detect do |path|
      full_path_command = File.join(path, cmd)
      begin
        stat = File.stat(full_path_command)
      rescue SystemCallError
      else
        stat.file? && stat.executable?
      end
    end
  end

  if found
    exec full_path_command, *args
  else
    abort("Couldn't find database client: #{commands.join(', ')}. Check your $PATH and try again.")
  end
end

type_cast_config_to_boolean(config)

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 58
def self.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config)
  if config == "false"
    false
  else
    config
  end
end

type_cast_config_to_integer(config)

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 48
def self.type_cast_config_to_integer(config)
  if config.is_a?(Integer)
    config
  elsif SIMPLE_INT.match?(config)
    config.to_i
  else
    config
  end
end

validate_default_timezone(config)

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 66
def self.validate_default_timezone(config)
  case config
  when nil
  when "utc", "local"
    config.to_sym
  else
    raise ArgumentError, "default_timezone must be either 'utc' or 'local'"
  end
end

Instance Public methods

active?()

Checks whether the connection to the database is still active. This includes checking whether the database is actually capable of responding, i.e. whether the connection isn’t stale.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 647
def active?
end

adapter_name()

Returns the human-readable name of the adapter. Use mixed case - one can always use downcase if needed.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 380
def adapter_name
  self.class::ADAPTER_NAME
end

all_foreign_keys_valid?()

Override to check all foreign key constraints in a database.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 638
def all_foreign_keys_valid?
  true
end

clear_cache!(new_connection: false)

Clear any caching the database adapter may be doing.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 733
def clear_cache!(new_connection: false)
  if @statements
    @lock.synchronize do
      if new_connection
        @statements.reset
      else
        @statements.clear
      end
    end
  end
end

close()

Check the connection back in to the connection pool

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 821
def close
  pool.checkin self
end

connect!()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 773
def connect!
  verify!
  self
end

connection_retries()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 220
def connection_retries
  (@config[:connection_retries] || 1).to_i
end

database_exists?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 389
def database_exists?
  connect!
  true
rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
  false
end

default_timezone()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 232
def default_timezone
  @default_timezone || ActiveRecord.default_timezone
end

disable_extension(name, **)

This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support extensions

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 587
def disable_extension(name, **)
end

disable_referential_integrity()

Override to turn off referential integrity while executing &block.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 633
def disable_referential_integrity
  yield
end

discard!()

Immediately forget this connection ever existed. Unlike disconnect!, this will not communicate with the server.

After calling this method, the behavior of all other methods becomes undefined. This is called internally just before a forked process gets rid of a connection that belonged to its parent.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 702
def discard!
  # This should be overridden by concrete adapters.
  #
  # Prevent @raw_connection's finalizer from touching the socket, or
  # otherwise communicating with its server, when it is collected.
  if schema_cache.connection == self
    schema_cache.connection = nil
  end
end

disconnect!()

Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this method does nothing.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 690
def disconnect!
  clear_cache!(new_connection: true)
  reset_transaction
  @raw_connection_dirty = false
end

enable_extension(name, **)

This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support extensions

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 591
def enable_extension(name, **)
end

expire()

this method must only be called while holding connection pool’s mutex

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 337
def expire
  if in_use?
    if @owner != ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context
      raise ActiveRecordError, "Cannot expire connection, " \
        "it is owned by a different thread: #{@owner}. " \
        "Current thread: #{ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context}."
    end

    @idle_since = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
    @owner = nil
  else
    raise ActiveRecordError, "Cannot expire connection, it is not currently leased."
  end
end

extensions()

A list of extensions, to be filled in by adapters that support them.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 621
def extensions
  []
end

index_algorithms()

A list of index algorithms, to be filled by adapters that support them.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 626
def index_algorithms
  {}
end

lease()

this method must only be called while holding connection pool’s mutex

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 296
def lease
  if in_use?
    msg = +"Cannot lease connection, "
    if @owner == ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context
      msg << "it is already leased by the current thread."
    else
      msg << "it is already in use by a different thread: #{@owner}. " \
             "Current thread: #{ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context}."
    end
    raise ActiveRecordError, msg
  end

  @owner = ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context
end

prefetch_primary_key?(table_name = nil)

Should primary key values be selected from their corresponding sequence before the insert statement? If true, next_sequence_value is called before each insert to set the record’s primary key.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 429
def prefetch_primary_key?(table_name = nil)
  false
end

prepared_statements()

Alias for: prepared_statements?

prepared_statements?()

Also aliased as: prepared_statements

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 263
def prepared_statements?
  @prepared_statements && !prepared_statements_disabled_cache.include?(object_id)
end

preventing_writes?()

Determines whether writes are currently being prevented.

Returns true if the connection is a replica or returns the value of current_preventing_writes.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 240
def preventing_writes?
  return true if replica?
  return false if connection_class.nil?

  connection_class.current_preventing_writes
end

raw_connection()

Provides access to the underlying database driver for this adapter. For example, this method returns a Mysql2::Client object in case of Mysql2Adapter, and a PG::Connection object in case of PostgreSQLAdapter.

This is useful for when you need to call a proprietary method such as PostgreSQL’s lo_* methods.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 789
def raw_connection
  with_raw_connection do |conn|
    disable_lazy_transactions!
    @raw_connection_dirty = true
    conn
  end
end

reconnect!(restore_transactions: false)

Disconnects from the database if already connected, and establishes a new connection with the database. Implementors should define private reconnect instead.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 653
def reconnect!(restore_transactions: false)
  retries_available = connection_retries
  deadline = retry_deadline && Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + retry_deadline

  @lock.synchronize do
    reconnect

    enable_lazy_transactions!
    @raw_connection_dirty = false
    @verified = true

    reset_transaction(restore: restore_transactions) do
      clear_cache!(new_connection: true)
      configure_connection
    end
  rescue => original_exception
    translated_exception = translate_exception_class(original_exception, nil, nil)
    retry_deadline_exceeded = deadline && deadline < Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)

    if !retry_deadline_exceeded && retries_available > 0
      retries_available -= 1

      if retryable_connection_error?(translated_exception)
        backoff(connection_retries - retries_available)
        retry
      end
    end

    @verified = false

    raise translated_exception
  end
end

replica?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 212
def replica?
  @config[:replica] || false
end

requires_reloading?()

Returns true if its required to reload the connection between requests for development mode.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 746
def requires_reloading?
  false
end

reset!()

Reset the state of this connection, directing the DBMS to clear transactions and other connection-related server-side state. Usually a database-dependent operation.

If a database driver or protocol does not support such a feature, implementors may alias this to reconnect!. Otherwise, implementors should call super immediately after resetting the connection (and while still holding @lock).

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 720
def reset!
  clear_cache!(new_connection: true)
  reset_transaction
  configure_connection
end

retry_deadline()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 224
def retry_deadline
  if @config[:retry_deadline]
    @config[:retry_deadline].to_f
  else
    nil
  end
end

role()

The role (e.g. :writing) for the current connection. In a non-multi role application, :writing is returned.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 317
def role
  @pool.role
end

savepoint_errors_invalidate_transactions?()

Do TransactionRollbackErrors on savepoints affect the parent transaction?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 413
def savepoint_errors_invalidate_transactions?
  false
end

schema_cache()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 327
def schema_cache
  @pool.get_schema_cache(self)
end

schema_cache=(cache)

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 331
def schema_cache=(cache)
  cache.connection = self
  @pool.set_schema_cache(cache)
end

schema_version()

Returns the version identifier of the schema currently available in the database. This is generally equal to the number of the highest- numbered migration that has been executed, or 0 if no schema information is present / the database is empty.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 856
def schema_version
  migration_context.current_version
end

shard()

The shard (e.g. :default) for the current connection. In a non-sharded application, :default is returned.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 323
def shard
  @pool.shard
end

supports_advisory_locks?()

Does this adapter support application-enforced advisory locking?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 422
def supports_advisory_locks?
  false
end

supports_bulk_alter?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 402
def supports_bulk_alter?
  false
end

supports_check_constraints?()

Does this adapter support creating check constraints?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 494
def supports_check_constraints?
  false
end

supports_comments?()

Does this adapter support metadata comments on database objects (tables, columns, indexes)?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 529
def supports_comments?
  false
end

supports_comments_in_create?()

Can comments for tables, columns, and indexes be specified in create/alter table statements?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 534
def supports_comments_in_create?
  false
end

supports_common_table_expressions?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 553
def supports_common_table_expressions?
  false
end

supports_concurrent_connections?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 577
def supports_concurrent_connections?
  true
end

supports_datetime_with_precision?()

Does this adapter support datetime with precision?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 519
def supports_datetime_with_precision?
  false
end

supports_ddl_transactions?()

Does this adapter support DDL rollbacks in transactions? That is, would CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE get rolled back by a transaction?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 398
def supports_ddl_transactions?
  false
end

supports_deferrable_constraints?()

Does this adapter support creating deferrable constraints?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 489
def supports_deferrable_constraints?
  false
end

supports_exclusion_constraints?()

Does this adapter support creating exclusion constraints?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 499
def supports_exclusion_constraints?
  false
end

supports_explain?()

Does this adapter support explain?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 458
def supports_explain?
  false
end

supports_expression_index?()

Does this adapter support expression indices?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 453
def supports_expression_index?
  false
end

supports_extensions?()

Does this adapter support database extensions?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 468
def supports_extensions?
  false
end

supports_foreign_keys?()

Does this adapter support creating foreign key constraints?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 479
def supports_foreign_keys?
  false
end

supports_foreign_tables?()

Does this adapter support foreign/external tables?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 544
def supports_foreign_tables?
  false
end

supports_index_include?()

Does this adapter support including non-key columns?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 448
def supports_index_include?
  false
end

supports_index_sort_order?()

Does this adapter support index sort order?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 438
def supports_index_sort_order?
  false
end

supports_indexes_in_create?()

Does this adapter support creating indexes in the same statement as creating the table?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 474
def supports_indexes_in_create?
  false
end

supports_insert_conflict_target?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 573
def supports_insert_conflict_target?
  false
end

supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 565
def supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
  false
end

supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 569
def supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
  false
end

supports_insert_returning?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 561
def supports_insert_returning?
  false
end

supports_json?()

Does this adapter support JSON data type?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 524
def supports_json?
  false
end

supports_lazy_transactions?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 557
def supports_lazy_transactions?
  false
end

supports_materialized_views?()

Does this adapter support materialized views?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 514
def supports_materialized_views?
  false
end

supports_optimizer_hints?()

Does this adapter support optimizer hints?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 549
def supports_optimizer_hints?
  false
end

supports_partial_index?()

Does this adapter support partial indices?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 443
def supports_partial_index?
  false
end

supports_partitioned_indexes?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 433
def supports_partitioned_indexes?
  false
end

supports_restart_db_transaction?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 417
def supports_restart_db_transaction?
  false
end

supports_savepoints?()

Does this adapter support savepoints?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 407
def supports_savepoints?
  false
end

supports_transaction_isolation?()

Does this adapter support setting the isolation level for a transaction?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 463
def supports_transaction_isolation?
  false
end

supports_unique_keys?()

Does this adapter support creating unique constraints?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 504
def supports_unique_keys?
  false
end

supports_validate_constraints?()

Does this adapter support creating invalid constraints?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 484
def supports_validate_constraints?
  false
end

supports_views?()

Does this adapter support views?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 509
def supports_views?
  false
end

supports_virtual_columns?()

Does this adapter support virtual columns?

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 539
def supports_virtual_columns?
  false
end

throw_away!()

Removes the connection from the pool and disconnect it.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 727
def throw_away!
  pool.remove self
  disconnect!
end

unprepared_statement()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 371
def unprepared_statement
  cache = prepared_statements_disabled_cache.add?(object_id) if @prepared_statements
  yield
ensure
  cache&.delete(object_id)
end

use_metadata_table?()

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 216
def use_metadata_table?
  @config.fetch(:use_metadata_table, true)
end

verify!()

Checks whether the connection to the database is still active (i.e. not stale). This is done under the hood by calling active?. If the connection is no longer active, then this method will reconnect to the database.

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 753
def verify!
  unless active?
    if @unconfigured_connection
      @lock.synchronize do
        if @unconfigured_connection
          @raw_connection = @unconfigured_connection
          @unconfigured_connection = nil
          configure_connection
          @verified = true
          return
        end
      end
    end

    reconnect!(restore_transactions: true)
  end

  @verified = true
end

Instance Private methods

log(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [], type_casted_binds = [], statement_name = nil, async: false, &block)

Source: show 

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb, line 1108
def log(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [], type_casted_binds = [], statement_name = nil, async: false, &block) # :doc:
  @instrumenter.instrument(
    "sql.active_record",
    sql:               sql,
    name:              name,
    binds:             binds,
    type_casted_binds: type_casted_binds,
    statement_name:    statement_name,
    async:             async,
    connection:        self,
    &block
  )
rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => ex
  raise ex.set_query(sql, binds)
end
Namespace